肝腹水形成的原因
时间:2012-02-14 10:40 作者:中华肝病网
肝硬化腹水俗称肝腹水。正常人腹腔内有少量的游离腹水,一般为50毫升左右,起着维持脏器间润滑作用,当腹腔内出现过多游离液体时,称为腹水。肝硬化是引起腹水的主要疾病,肝硬化患者一旦出现腹水,标志着硬化已进入失代偿期(中晚期)。出现腹水的早期,患者仅有轻微的腹胀,很容易误认为是消化不好,因此对慢性肝炎尤其是肝硬化患者如果近期感觉腹胀明显,腰围增大、体重增长、下肢浮肿,应该及时到医院检查。腹水形成的主要原因为:门静脉压力升高、白蛋白降低、肾脏有效循环血量减少、内分泌功能紊乱等。肝腹水患者平时饮食应该限制摄入盐(盐1~2克)和水(1000毫升左右)。
肝腹水是肝硬化最突出的临床表现;失代偿期患者75%以上有腹水。
腹水形成的机制为钠、水的过量潴留,与下列腹腔局部因素和全身因素有关:
a:门静脉压力增高:超过300mmh2o时,腹腔内脏血管床静水压增高,组织液回吸收减少而漏入腹腔。
b:低白蛋白血症:白蛋低于31g/l时,血浆胶体渗透压降低,致血液成分外渗。
c:淋又巴液生成过多:肝静脉回流受阻时,血将自肝窦壁渗透至窦旁间隙,致胆淋巴液生成增多(每日约7-11l,正常为1-3l),超过胸导管引流的能力,淋巴液自肝包膜和肝门淋巴管渗出至腹腔。
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